PEP 655 – Marking individual TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing | peps.python.org Following system colour scheme Selected dark colour scheme Selected light colour scheme

Python Enhancement Proposals

Python »
PEP Index »
PEP 655

PEP 655 – Marking individual TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing

Author: David Foster <david at dafoster.net> Sponsor: Guido van Rossum <guido at python.org> Discussions-To: Typing-SIG thread Status: Final Type: Standards Track Topic: Typing Created: 30-Jan-2021 Python-Version: 3.11 Post-History: 31-Jan-2021, 11-Feb-2021, 20-Feb-2021, 26-Feb-2021, 17-Jan-2022, 28-Jan-2022 Resolution: Python-Dev message Table of Contents

Important

This PEP is a historical document: see required-notrequired, typing.Required and typing.NotRequired for up-to-date specs and documentation. Canonical typing specs are maintained at the typing specs site; runtime typing behaviour is described in the CPython documentation.

See the typing specification update process for how to propose changes to the typing spec.

Abstract

PEP 589 defines notation for declaring a TypedDict with all required keys and notation for defining a TypedDict with all potentially-missing keys, however it does not provide a mechanism to declare some keys as required and others as potentially-missing. This PEP introduces two new notations: Required[], which can be used on individual items of a TypedDict to mark them as required, and NotRequired[], which can be used on individual items to mark them as potentially-missing.

This PEP makes no Python grammar changes. Correct usage of required and potentially-missing keys of TypedDicts is intended to be enforced only by static type checkers and need not be enforced by Python itself at runtime.

Motivation

It is not uncommon to want to define a TypedDict with some keys that are required and others that are potentially-missing. Currently the only way to define such a TypedDict is to declare one TypedDict with one value for total and then inherit it from another TypedDict with a different value for total:

class _MovieBase(TypedDict):  # implicitly total=True
    title: str

class Movie(_MovieBase, total=False):
    year: int

Having to declare two different TypedDict types for this purpose is cumbersome.

This PEP introduces two new type qualifiers, typing.Required and typing.NotRequired, which allow defining a single TypedDict with a mix of both required and potentially-missing keys:

class Movie(TypedDict):
    title: str
    year: NotRequired[int]

This PEP also makes it possible to define TypedDicts in the alternative functional syntax with a mix of required and potentially-missing keys, which is not currently possible at all because the alternative syntax does not support inheritance:

Actor = TypedDict('Actor', {
    'name': str,
    # "in" is a keyword, so the functional syntax is necessary
    'in': NotRequired[List[str]],
})

Rationale

One might think it unusual to propose notation that prioritizes marking required keys rather than potentially-missing keys, as is customary in other languages like TypeScript:

interface Movie {
    title: string;
    year?: number;  // ? marks potentially-missing keys
}

The difficulty is that the best word for marking a potentially-missing key, Optional[], is already used in Python for a completely different purpose: marking values that could be either of a particular type or None. In particular the following does not work:

class Movie(TypedDict):
    ...
    year: Optional[int]  # means int|None, not potentially-missing!

Attempting to use any synonym of “optional” to mark potentially-missing keys (like Missing[]) would be too similar to Optional[] and be easy to confuse with it.

Thus it was decided to focus on positive-form phrasing for required keys instead, which is straightforward to spell as Required[].

Nevertheless it is common for folks wanting to extend a regular (total=True) TypedDict to only want to add a small number of potentially-missing keys, which necessitates a way to mark keys that are not required and potentially-missing, and so we also allow the NotRequired[] form for that case.

Specification

The typing.Required type qualifier is used to indicate that a variable declared in a TypedDict definition is a required key:

class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
    title: Required[str]
    year: int

Additionally the typing.NotRequired type qualifier is used to indicate that a variable declared in a TypedDict definition is a potentially-missing key:

class Movie(TypedDict):  # implicitly total=True
    title: str
    year: NotRequired[int]

It is an error to use Required[] or NotRequired[] in any location that is not an item of a TypedDict. Type checkers must enforce this restriction.

It is valid to use Required[] and NotRequired[] even for items where it is redundant, to enable additional explicitness if desired:

class Movie(TypedDict):
    title: Required[str]  # redundant
    year: NotRequired[int]

It is an error to use both Required[] and NotRequired[] at the same time:

class Movie(TypedDict):
    title: str
    year: NotRequired[Required[int]]  # ERROR

Type checkers must enforce this restriction. The runtime implementations of Required[] and NotRequired[] may also enforce this restriction.

The alternative functional syntax for TypedDict also supports Required[] and NotRequired[]:

Movie = TypedDict('Movie', {'name': str, 'year': NotRequired[int]})

Interaction with total=False

Any PEP 589-style TypedDict declared with total=False is equivalent to a TypedDict with an implicit total=True definition with all of its keys marked as NotRequired[].

Therefore:

class _MovieBase(TypedDict):  # implicitly total=True
    title: str

class Movie(_MovieBase, total=False):
    year: int

is equivalent to:

class _MovieBase(TypedDict):
    title: str

class Movie(_MovieBase):
    year: NotRequired[int]

Interaction with Annotated[]

Required[] and NotRequired[] can be used with Annotated[], in any nesting order:

class Movie(TypedDict):
    title: str
    year: NotRequired[Annotated[int, ValueRange(-9999, 9999)]]  # ok

class Movie(TypedDict):
    title: str
    year: Annotated[NotRequired[int], ValueRange(-9999, 9999)]  # ok

In particular allowing Annotated[] to be the outermost annotation for an item allows better interoperability with non-typing uses of annotations, which may always want Annotated[] as the outermost annotation. [3]

Runtime behavior

Interaction with get_type_hints()

typing.get_type_hints(...) applied to a TypedDict will by default strip out any Required[] or NotRequired[] type qualifiers, since these qualifiers are expected to be inconvenient for code casually introspecting type annotations.

typing.get_type_hints(..., include_extras=True) however will retain Required[] and NotRequired[] type qualifiers, for advanced code introspecting type annotations that wishes to preserve all annotations in the original source:

class Movie(TypedDict):
    title: str
    year: NotRequired[int]

assert get_type_hints(Movie) == \
    {'title': str, 'year': int}
assert get_type_hints(Movie, include_extras=True) == \
    {'title': str, 'year': NotRequired[int]}

Interaction with get_origin() and get_args()

typing.get_origin() and typing.get_args() will be updated to recognize Required[] and NotRequired[]:

assert get_origin(Required[int]) is Required
assert get_args(Required[int]) == (int,)

assert get_origin(NotRequired[int]) is NotRequired
assert get_args(NotRequired[int]) == (int,)

Interaction with __required_keys and optional_keys__

An item marked with Required[] will always appear in the __required_keys__ for its enclosing TypedDict. Similarly an item marked with NotRequired[] will always appear in __optional_keys__.

assert Movie.__required_keys__ == frozenset({'title'})
assert Movie.__optional_keys__ == frozenset({'year'})

Backwards Compatibility

No backward incompatible changes are made by this PEP.

How to Teach This

To define a TypedDict where most keys are required and some are potentially-missing, define a single TypedDict as normal (without the total keyword) and mark those few keys that are potentially-missing with NotRequired[].

To define a TypedDict where most keys are potentially-missing and a few are required, define a total=False TypedDict and mark those few keys that are required with Required[].

If some items accept None in addition to a regular value, it is recommended that the TYPE|None notation be preferred over Optional[TYPE] for marking such item values, to avoid using Required[] or NotRequired[] alongside Optional[] within the same TypedDict definition:

Yes:

from __future__ import annotations  # for Python 3.7-3.9

class Dog(TypedDict):
    name: str
    owner: NotRequired[str|None]

Okay (required for Python 3.5.3-3.6):

class Dog(TypedDict):
    name: str
    owner: 'NotRequired[str|None]'

No:

class Dog(TypedDict):
    name: str
    # ick; avoid using both Optional and NotRequired
    owner: NotRequired[Optional[str]]

Usage in Python <3.11

If your code supports Python <3.11 and wishes to use Required[] or NotRequired[] then it should use typing_extensions.TypedDict rather than typing.TypedDict because the latter will not understand (Not)Required[]. In particular __required_keys__ and __optional_keys__ on the resulting TypedDict type will not be correct:

Yes (Python 3.11+ only):

from typing import NotRequired, TypedDict

class Dog(TypedDict):
    name: str
    owner: NotRequired[str|None]

Yes (Python <3.11 and 3.11+):

from __future__ import annotations  # for Python 3.7-3.9

from typing_extensions import NotRequired, TypedDict  # for Python <3.11 with (Not)Required

class Dog(TypedDict):
    name: str
    owner: NotRequired[str|None]

No (Python <3.11 and 3.11+):

from typing import TypedDict  # oops: should import from typing_extensions instead
from typing_extensions import NotRequired

class Movie(TypedDict):
    title: str
    year: NotRequired[int]

assert Movie.__required_keys__ == frozenset({'title', 'year'})  # yikes
assert Movie.__optional_keys__ == frozenset()  # yikes

Reference Implementation

The mypy 0.930, pyright 1.1.117, and pyanalyze 0.4.0 type checkers support Required and NotRequired.

A reference implementation of the runtime component is provided in the typing_extensions module.

Rejected Ideas

Special syntax around the key of a TypedDict item

class MyThing(TypedDict):
    opt1?: str  # may not exist, but if exists, value is string
    opt2: Optional[str]  # always exists, but may have None value

This notation would require Python grammar changes and it is not believed that marking TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing would meet the high bar required to make such grammar changes.

class MyThing(TypedDict):
    Optional[opt1]: str  # may not exist, but if exists, value is string
    opt2: Optional[str]  # always exists, but may have None value

This notation causes Optional[] to take on different meanings depending on where it is positioned, which is inconsistent and confusing.

Also, “let’s just not put funny syntax before the colon.” [1]

Marking required or potentially-missing keys with an operator

We could use unary + as shorthand to mark a required key, unary - to mark a potentially-missing key, or unary ~ to mark a key with opposite-of-normal totality:

class MyThing(TypedDict, total=False):
    req1: +int    # + means a required key, or Required[]
    opt1: str
    req2: +float

class MyThing(TypedDict):
    req1: int
    opt1: -str    # - means a potentially-missing key, or NotRequired[]
    req2: float

class MyThing(TypedDict):
    req1: int
    opt1: ~str    # ~ means a opposite-of-normal-totality key
    req2: float

Such operators could be implemented on type via the __pos__, __neg__ and __invert__ special methods without modifying the grammar.

It was decided that it would be prudent to introduce long-form notation (i.e. Required[] and NotRequired[]) before introducing any short-form notation. Future PEPs may reconsider introducing this or other short-form notation options.

Note when reconsidering introducing this short-form notation that +, -, and ~ already have existing meanings in the Python typing world: covariant, contravariant, and invariant:

>>> from typing import TypeVar
>>> (TypeVar('T', covariant=True), TypeVar('U', contravariant=True), TypeVar('V'))
(+T, -U, ~V)

Marking absence of a value with a special constant

We could introduce a new type-level constant which signals the absence of a value when used as a union member, similar to JavaScript’s undefined type, perhaps called Missing:

class MyThing(TypedDict):
    req1: int
    opt1: str|Missing
    req2: float

Such a Missing constant could also be used for other scenarios such as the type of a variable which is only conditionally defined:

class MyClass:
    attr: int|Missing

    def __init__(self, set_attr: bool) -> None:
        if set_attr:
            self.attr = 10

def foo(set_attr: bool) -> None:
    if set_attr:
        attr = 10
    reveal_type(attr)  # int|Missing

Misalignment with how unions apply to values

However this use of ...|Missing, equivalent to Union[..., Missing], doesn’t align well with what a union normally means: Union[...] always describes the type of a value that is present. By contrast missingness or non-totality is a property of a variable instead. Current precedent for marking properties of a variable include Final[...] and ClassVar[...], which the proposal for Required[...] is aligned with.

Misalignment with how unions are subdivided

Furthermore the use of Union[..., Missing] doesn’t align with the usual ways that union values are broken down: Normally you can eliminate components of a union type using isinstance checks:

class Packet:
    data: Union[str, bytes]

def send_data(packet: Packet) -> None:
    if isinstance(packet.data, str):
        reveal_type(packet.data)  # str
        packet_bytes = packet.data.encode('utf-8')
    else:
        reveal_type(packet.data)  # bytes
        packet_bytes = packet.data
    socket.send(packet_bytes)

However if we were to allow Union[..., Missing] you’d either have to eliminate the Missing case with hasattr for object attributes:

class Packet:
    data: Union[str, Missing]

def send_data(packet: Packet) -> None:
    if hasattr(packet, 'data'):
        reveal_type(packet.data)  # str
        packet_bytes = packet.data.encode('utf-8')
    else:
        reveal_type(packet.data)  # Missing? error?
        packet_bytes = b''
    socket.send(packet_bytes)

or a check against locals() for local variables:

def send_data(packet_data: Optional[str]) -> None:
    packet_bytes: Union[str, Missing]
    if packet_data is not None:
        packet_bytes = packet.data.encode('utf-8')

    if 'packet_bytes' in locals():
        reveal_type(packet_bytes)  # bytes
        socket.send(packet_bytes)
    else:
        reveal_type(packet_bytes)  # Missing? error?

or a check via other means, such as against globals() for global variables:

warning: Union[str, Missing]
import sys
if sys.version_info < (3, 6):
    warning = 'Your version of Python is unsupported!'

if 'warning' in globals():
    reveal_type(warning)  # str
    print(warning)
else:
    reveal_type(warning)  # Missing? error?

Weird and inconsistent. Missing is not really a value at all; it’s an absence of definition and such an absence should be treated specially.

Difficult to implement

Eric Traut from the Pyright type checker team has stated that implementing a Union[..., Missing]-style notation would be difficult. [2]

Introduces a second null-like value into Python

Defining a new Missing type-level constant would be very close to introducing a new Missing value-level constant at runtime, creating a second null-like runtime value in addition to None. Having two different null-like constants in Python (None and Missing) would be confusing. Many newcomers to JavaScript already have difficulty distinguishing between its analogous constants null and undefined.

Replace Optional with Nullable. Repurpose Optional to mean “optional item”.

Optional[] is too ubiquitous to deprecate, although use of it may fade over time in favor of the T|None notation specified by PEP 604.

Change Optional to mean “optional item” in certain contexts instead of “nullable”

Consider the use of a special flag on a TypedDict definition to alter the interpretation of Optional inside the TypedDict to mean “optional item” rather than its usual meaning of “nullable”:

class MyThing(TypedDict, optional_as_missing=True):
    req1: int
    opt1: Optional[str]

or:

class MyThing(TypedDict, optional_as_nullable=False):
    req1: int
    opt1: Optional[str]

This would add more confusion for users because it would mean that in some contexts the meaning of Optional[] is different than in other contexts, and it would be easy to overlook the flag.

Various synonyms for “potentially-missing item”

Omittable – too easy to confuse with optional
OptionalItem, OptionalKey – two words; too easy to confuse with optional
MayExist, MissingOk – two words
Droppable – too similar to Rust’s Drop, which means something different
Potential – too vague
Open – sounds like applies to an entire structure rather then to an item
Excludable
Checked

References

[1] https://mail.python.org/archives/list/typing-sig@python.org/message/4I3GPIWDUKV6GUCHDMORGUGRE4F4SXGR/ [2] https://mail.python.org/archives/list/typing-sig@python.org/message/S2VJSVG6WCIWPBZ54BOJPG56KXVSLZK6/ [3] https://bugs.python.org/issue46491

Copyright

This document is placed in the public domain or under the CC0-1.0-Universal license, whichever is more permissive.

Page Source (GitHub)

Source: https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0655.rst

Last modified: 2024-06-16 22:42:44 UTC