JavaScript specials

This chapter briefly recaps the features of JavaScript that we’ve learned by now, paying special attention to subtle moments.

Code structure

Statements are delimited with a semicolon:

Usually, a line-break is also treated as a delimiter, so that would also work:

That’s called “automatic semicolon insertion”. Sometimes it doesn’t work, for instance:

Most codestyle guides agree that we should put a semicolon after each statement.

Semicolons are not required after code blocks {...} and syntax constructs with them like loops:

…But even if we can put an “extra” semicolon somewhere, that’s not an error. It will be ignored.

More in: Code structure.

Strict mode

To fully enable all features of modern JavaScript, we should start scripts with "use strict".

The directive must be at the top of a script or at the beginning of a function body.

Without "use strict", everything still works, but some features behave in the old-fashioned, “compatible” way. We’d generally prefer the modern behavior.

Some modern features of the language (like classes that we’ll study in the future) enable strict mode implicitly.

More in: The modern mode, "use strict".

Variables

Can be declared using:

• let
• const (constant, can’t be changed)
• var (old-style, will see later)

A variable name can include:

• Letters and digits, but the first character may not be a digit.
• Characters $ and _ are normal, on par with letters.
• Non-Latin alphabets and hieroglyphs are also allowed, but commonly not used.

Variables are dynamically typed. They can store any value:

There are 8 data types:

• number for both floating-point and integer numbers,
• bigint for integer numbers of arbitrary length,
• string for strings,
• boolean for logical values: true/false,
• null – a type with a single value null, meaning “empty” or “does not exist”,
• undefined – a type with a single value undefined, meaning “not assigned”,
• object and symbol – for complex data structures and unique identifiers, we haven’t learnt them yet.

The typeof operator returns the type for a value, with two exceptions:

More in: Variables and Data types.

Interaction

We’re using a browser as a working environment, so basic UI functions will be:

prompt(question, [default]) Ask a question, and return either what the visitor entered or null if they clicked “cancel”. confirm(question) Ask a question and suggest to choose between Ok and Cancel. The choice is returned as true/false. alert(message) Output a message.

All these functions are modal, they pause the code execution and prevent the visitor from interacting with the page until they answer.

For instance:

More in: Interaction: alert, prompt, confirm.

Operators

JavaScript supports the following operators:

Arithmetical

Regular: * + - /, also % for the remainder and ** for power of a number.

The binary plus + concatenates strings. And if any of the operands is a string, the other one is converted to string too:

Assignments

There is a simple assignment: a = b and combined ones like a *= 2.

Bitwise

Bitwise operators work with 32-bit integers at the lowest, bit-level: see the docs when they are needed.

Conditional

The only operator with three parameters: cond ? resultA : resultB. If cond is truthy, returns resultA, otherwise resultB.

Logical operators

Logical AND && and OR || perform short-circuit evaluation and then return the value where it stopped (not necessary true/false). Logical NOT ! converts the operand to boolean type and returns the inverse value.

Nullish coalescing operator

The ?? operator provides a way to choose a defined value from a list of variables. The result of a ?? b is a unless it’s null/undefined, then b.

Comparisons

Equality check == for values of different types converts them to a number (except null and undefined that equal each other and nothing else), so these are equal:

Other comparisons convert to a number as well.

The strict equality operator === doesn’t do the conversion: different types always mean different values for it.

Values null and undefined are special: they equal == each other and don’t equal anything else.

Greater/less comparisons compare strings character-by-character, other types are converted to a number.

Other operators

There are few others, like a comma operator.

More in: Basic operators, maths, Comparisons, Logical operators, Nullish coalescing operator '??'.

Loops

• We covered 3 types of loops:

  // 1 while (condition) { ... } // 2 do { ... } while (condition); // 3 for(let i = 0; i < 10; i++) { ... }

• The variable declared in for(let...) loop is visible only inside the loop. But we can also omit let and reuse an existing variable.

• Directives break/continue allow to exit the whole loop/current iteration. Use labels to break nested loops.

Details in: Loops: while and for.

Later we’ll study more types of loops to deal with objects.

The “switch” construct

The “switch” construct can replace multiple if checks. It uses === (strict equality) for comparisons.

For instance:

Details in: The "switch" statement.

Functions

We covered three ways to create a function in JavaScript:

1. Function Declaration: the function in the main code flow

   function sum(a, b) { let result = a + b; return result; }

2. Function Expression: the function in the context of an expression

   let sum = function(a, b) { let result = a + b; return result; };

3. Arrow functions:

   // expression on the right side let sum = (a, b) => a + b; // or multi-line syntax with { ... }, need return here: let sum = (a, b) => { // ... return a + b; } // without arguments let sayHi = () => alert("Hello"); // with a single argument let double = n => n * 2;

• Functions may have local variables: those declared inside its body or its parameter list. Such variables are only visible inside the function.
• Parameters can have default values: function sum(a = 1, b = 2) {...}.
• Functions always return something. If there’s no return statement, then the result is undefined.

Details: see Functions, Arrow functions, the basics.

More to come

That was a brief list of JavaScript features. As of now we’ve studied only basics. Further in the tutorial you’ll find more specials and advanced features of JavaScript.