scale() CSS function

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This scaling transformation is characterized by a two-dimensional vector. Its coordinates define how much scaling is done in each direction. If both coordinates are equal, the scaling is uniform (isotropic) and the aspect ratio of the element is preserved (this is a homothetic transformation).

When a coordinate value is outside the [-1, 1] range, the element grows along that dimension; when inside, it shrinks. A negative value results in a point reflection in that dimension. The value 1 has no effect.

Syntax

Values

sx

A <number> or <percentage> representing the abscissa (horizontal, x-component) of the scaling vector.

sy Optional

A <number> or <percentage> representing the ordinate (vertical, y-component) of the scaling vector. If not defined, its default value is sx, resulting in a uniform scaling that preserves the element's aspect ratio.

Cartesian coordinates on ℝ^2Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ^2 Cartesian coordinates on ℝ^3 Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ^3

(sx00sy)\left( \begin{array}{cc} sx & 0 \\ 0 & sy \end{array} \right)	(sx000sy0001)\left( \begin{array}{ccc} sx & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & sy & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right)	(sx000sy0001)\left( \begin{array}{ccc} sx & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & sy & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right)	(sx0000sy0000100001)\left( \begin{array}{cccc} sx & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & sy & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right)
	[sx 0 0 sy 0 0]

Formal syntax

<scale()> =
scale( <number> , <number>? )
This syntax reflects the latest standard as per CSS Transforms Module Level 1. Not all browsers may have implemented every part. See Browser compatibility for support information.

Accessibility

Scaling/zooming animations are problematic for accessibility, as they are a common trigger for certain types of migraine. If you need to include such animations on your website, you should provide a control to allow users to turn off animations, preferably site-wide.

Also, consider making use of the prefers-reduced-motion media feature — use it to write a media query that will turn off animations if the user has reduced animation specified in their system preferences.

Find out more:

• MDN Understanding WCAG, Guideline 2.3 explanations
• Understanding Success Criterion 2.3.3 | W3C Understanding WCAG 2.1

Examples

Scaling the X and Y dimensions together

HTML

CSS

Result

Scaling X and Y dimensions separately, and translating the origin

HTML

CSS

Result

Specifications

Specification

CSS Transforms Module Level 1 # funcdef-transform-scale

Browser compatibility

Enable JavaScript to view this browser compatibility table.

See also

• transform
• scale
• zoom
• <transform-function>
• scale3d()
• Other individual transform properties translate and rotate