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SubtleCrypto: importKey() method

Baseline Widely available *

This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. It’s been available across browsers since January 2020.

* Some parts of this feature may have varying levels of support.

Secure context: This feature is available only in secure contexts (HTTPS), in some or all supporting browsers.

Note: This feature is available in Web Workers.

The importKey() method of the SubtleCrypto interface imports a key: that is, it takes as input a key in an external, portable format and gives you a CryptoKey object that you can use in the Web Crypto API.

The function accepts several import formats: see Supported formats for details.

Syntax

importKey(format, keyData, algorithm, extractable, keyUsages)

Parameters

format

A string describing the data format of the key to import. It can be one of the following:

raw: Raw format.
pkcs8: PKCS #8 format.
spki: SubjectPublicKeyInfo format.
jwk: JSON Web Key format.

keyData

An ArrayBuffer, a TypedArray, a DataView, or a JSONWebKey object containing the key in the given format.

algorithm

An object defining the type of key to import and providing extra algorithm-specific parameters.

For RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5, RSA-PSS, or RSA-OAEP: pass an RsaHashedImportParams object.
For ECDSA or ECDH: pass an EcKeyImportParams object.
For HMAC: pass an HmacImportParams object.
For AES-CTR, AES-CBC, AES-GCM, and AES-KW: pass the string identifying the algorithm or an object of the form { name: ALGORITHM }, where ALGORITHM is the name of the algorithm.
For PBKDF2: pass the string PBKDF2 or an object of the form { name: "PBKDF2" }.
For HKDF: pass the string HKDF or an object of the form { name: "HKDF" }.
For Ed25519: pass the string Ed25519 or an object of the form { name: "Ed25519" }.
For X25519: pass the string X25519 or an object of the form { name: "X25519" }.

extractable

A boolean value indicating whether it will be possible to export the key using SubtleCrypto.exportKey() or SubtleCrypto.wrapKey().

keyUsages

An Array indicating what can be done with the key. Possible array values are:

encrypt: The key may be used to encrypt messages.
decrypt: The key may be used to decrypt messages.
sign: The key may be used to sign messages.
verify: The key may be used to verify signatures.
deriveKey: The key may be used in deriving a new key.
deriveBits: The key may be used in deriving bits.
wrapKey: The key may be used to wrap a key.
unwrapKey: The key may be used to unwrap a key.

Return value

A Promise that fulfills with the imported key as a CryptoKey object.

Exceptions

The promise is rejected when one of the following exceptions is encountered:

SyntaxError DOMException

Raised when keyUsages is empty but the unwrapped key is of type secret or private.

TypeError

Raised when trying to use an invalid format or if the keyData is not suited for that format.

Supported formats

This API supports four different key import/export formats: Raw, PKCS #8, SubjectPublicKeyInfo, and JSON Web Key.

Raw

You can use this format to import or export AES or HMAC secret keys, or Elliptic Curve public keys (ECDSA or ECDH).

In this format the key is supplied as an ArrayBuffer containing the raw bytes for the key.

Note that when importing Elliptic Curve public keys, the data may contain compressed elliptic curve points.

PKCS #8

You can use this format to import or export RSA or Elliptic Curve private keys.

The PKCS #8 format is defined in RFC 5208, using the ASN.1 notation:

PrivateKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE { version Version, privateKeyAlgorithm PrivateKeyAlgorithmIdentifier, privateKey PrivateKey, attributes [0] IMPLICIT Attributes OPTIONAL }

The importKey() method expects to receive this object as an ArrayBuffer containing the DER-encoded form of the PrivateKeyInfo. DER is a set of rules for encoding ASN.1 structures into a binary form.

You are most likely to encounter this object in PEM format. PEM format is a way to encode binary data in ASCII. It consists of a header and a footer, and in between, the base64-encoded binary data. A PEM-encoded PrivateKeyInfo looks like this:

To get this into a format you can give to importKey() you need to do two things:

base64-decode the part between header and footer, using Window.atob().
convert the resulting string into an ArrayBuffer.

See the Examples section for more concrete guidance.

SubjectPublicKeyInfo

You can use this format to import or export RSA or Elliptic Curve public keys.

SubjectPublicKey is defined in RFC 5280, Section 4.1 using the ASN.1 notation:

SubjectPublicKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, subjectPublicKey BIT STRING }

Just like PKCS #8, the importKey() method expects to receive this object as an ArrayBuffer containing the DER-encoded form of the SubjectPublicKeyInfo.

Again, you are most likely to encounter this object in PEM format. A PEM-encoded SubjectPublicKeyInfo looks like this:

Just as with PKCS #8, to get this into a format you can give to importKey() you need to do two things:

base64-decode the part between header and footer, using Window.atob().
convert the resulting string into an ArrayBuffer.

See the Examples section for more concrete guidance.

JSON Web Key

You can use JSON Web Key format to import or export RSA or Elliptic Curve public or private keys, as well as AES and HMAC secret keys.

JSON Web Key format is defined in RFC 7517. It describes a way to represent public, private, and secret keys as JSON objects.

A JSON Web Key looks something like this (this is an EC private key):

json
{
  "crv": "P-384",
  "d": "wouCtU7Nw4E8_7n5C1-xBjB4xqSb_liZhYMsy8MGgxUny6Q8NCoH9xSiviwLFfK_",
  "ext": true,
  "key_ops": ["sign"],
  "kty": "EC",
  "x": "SzrRXmyI8VWFJg1dPUNbFcc9jZvjZEfH7ulKI1UkXAltd7RGWrcfFxqyGPcwu6AQ",
  "y": "hHUag3OvDzEr0uUQND4PXHQTXP5IDGdYhJhL-WLKjnGjQAw0rNGy5V29-aV-yseW"
}

Examples

Note: You can try the working examples on GitHub.

Raw import

This example imports an AES key from an ArrayBuffer containing the raw bytes to use. See the complete code on GitHub.

js
const rawKey = window.crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(16));

/*
Import an AES secret key from an ArrayBuffer containing the raw bytes.
Takes an ArrayBuffer string containing the bytes, and returns a Promise
that will resolve to a CryptoKey representing the secret key.
*/
function importSecretKey(rawKey) {
  return window.crypto.subtle.importKey("raw", rawKey, "AES-GCM", true, [
    "encrypt",
    "decrypt",
  ]);
}

PKCS #8 import

This example imports an RSA private signing key from a PEM-encoded PKCS #8 object. See the complete code on GitHub.

js
/*
Convert a string into an ArrayBuffer
from https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2012/06/How-to-convert-ArrayBuffer-to-and-from-String
*/
function str2ab(str) {
  const buf = new ArrayBuffer(str.length);
  const bufView = new Uint8Array(buf);
  for (let i = 0, strLen = str.length; i < strLen; i++) {
    bufView[i] = str.charCodeAt(i);
  }
  return buf;
}

const pemEncodedKey = `-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
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
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----`;

/*
Import a PEM encoded RSA private key, to use for RSA-PSS signing.
Takes a string containing the PEM encoded key, and returns a Promise
that will resolve to a CryptoKey representing the private key.
*/
function importPrivateKey(pem) {
  // fetch the part of the PEM string between header and footer
  const pemHeader = "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----";
  const pemFooter = "-----END PRIVATE KEY-----";
  const pemContents = pem.substring(
    pemHeader.length,
    pem.length - pemFooter.length - 1,
  );
  // base64 decode the string to get the binary data
  const binaryDerString = window.atob(pemContents);
  // convert from a binary string to an ArrayBuffer
  const binaryDer = str2ab(binaryDerString);

  return window.crypto.subtle.importKey(
    "pkcs8",
    binaryDer,
    {
      name: "RSA-PSS",
      hash: "SHA-256",
    },
    true,
    ["sign"],
  );
}

SubjectPublicKeyInfo import

This example imports an RSA public encryption key from a PEM-encoded SubjectPublicKeyInfo object. See the complete code on GitHub.

js
// from https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2012/06/How-to-convert-ArrayBuffer-to-and-from-String
function str2ab(str) {
  const buf = new ArrayBuffer(str.length);
  const bufView = new Uint8Array(buf);
  for (let i = 0, strLen = str.length; i < strLen; i++) {
    bufView[i] = str.charCodeAt(i);
  }
  return buf;
}

const pemEncodedKey = `-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAy3Xo3U13dc+xojwQYWoJLCbOQ5fOVY8LlnqcJm1W1BFtxIhOAJWohiHuIRMctv7dzx47TLlmARSKvTRjd0dF92jx/xY20Lz+DXp8YL5yUWAFgA3XkO3LSJgEOex10NB8jfkmgSb7QIudTVvbbUDfd5fwIBmCtaCwWx7NyeWWDb7A9cFxj7EjRdrDaK3ux/ToMLHFXVLqSL341TkCf4ZQoz96RFPUGPPLOfvN0x66CM1PQCkdhzjE6U5XGE964ZkkYUPPsy6Dcie4obhW4vDjgUmLzv0z7UD010RLIneUgDE2FqBfY/C+uWigNPBPkkQ+Bv/UigS6dHqTCVeD5wgyBQIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----`;

function importRsaKey(pem) {
  // fetch the part of the PEM string between header and footer
  const pemHeader = "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----";
  const pemFooter = "-----END PUBLIC KEY-----";
  const pemContents = pem.substring(
    pemHeader.length,
    pem.length - pemFooter.length - 1,
  );
  // base64 decode the string to get the binary data
  const binaryDerString = window.atob(pemContents);
  // convert from a binary string to an ArrayBuffer
  const binaryDer = str2ab(binaryDerString);

  return window.crypto.subtle.importKey(
    "spki",
    binaryDer,
    {
      name: "RSA-OAEP",
      hash: "SHA-256",
    },
    true,
    ["encrypt"],
  );
}

JSON Web Key import

This code imports an ECDSA private signing key, given a JSON Web Key object that represents it. See the complete code on GitHub.

js
const jwkEcKey = {
  crv: "P-384",
  d: "wouCtU7Nw4E8_7n5C1-xBjB4xqSb_liZhYMsy8MGgxUny6Q8NCoH9xSiviwLFfK_",
  ext: true,
  key_ops: ["sign"],
  kty: "EC",
  x: "SzrRXmyI8VWFJg1dPUNbFcc9jZvjZEfH7ulKI1UkXAltd7RGWrcfFxqyGPcwu6AQ",
  y: "hHUag3OvDzEr0uUQND4PXHQTXP5IDGdYhJhL-WLKjnGjQAw0rNGy5V29-aV-yseW",
};

/*
Import a JSON Web Key format EC private key, to use for ECDSA signing.
Takes an object representing the JSON Web Key, and returns a Promise
that will resolve to a CryptoKey representing the private key.
*/
function importPrivateKey(jwk) {
  return window.crypto.subtle.importKey(
    "jwk",
    jwk,
    {
      name: "ECDSA",
      namedCurve: "P-384",
    },
    true,
    ["sign"],
  );
}